Economic growth in developing countries were increasingly improved. Many buildings are now beginning to be built to improve the facilities and infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and so on. For that many people are absorbed in the field of building work. We know that working in the field of building sometimes are out of the room or out door are often exposed to ultraviolet rays from sunlight.
Harmful component of sunlight is the light "ultraviolet" light that is invisible to the earth that only UV-A and UV-B. Ultra-violet ray radiation is electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength with visible light, but longer than X-rays is small. UV-A or could be called suntan makes brown skin, while UV-B or Sunburn makes the skin red and even become sore.
UV radiation can be divided into:
Near UV (380-200 nm wavelength)
Vacuum UV (200-10 nm)
When considering the influence of UV radiation on human health and the environment, visibility is often subdivided wave:
1. UV-A (380-315 nm), which is also called the "wave length" or "BlackLight"
2. UV-B (315-280 nm), which is also called "Medium Wave" (Medium Wave)
3. UV-C (280-10 nm), also called "Short Wave" (Short Wave).
Along with the industrial development of many established companies or factories engaged in the production, assembling, or services. To support the production process of a company or prabrik it can not be separated from those machines. We know that in a workplace environment especially on the machines that move there are many potential hazards. Potential hazards in the working environment both physical and chemical needs to be controlled in such a way so as to create a workplace environment that is safe, comfortable and healthy as well as labor productivity will increase.
There are several kinds of control of hazards in the workplace, yet technologically and technically control the source of danger is the first alternative is recommended, while the use of Personal Protective Equipment is the last alternative.
Personal Protective Equipment is a set of tools used by workers to protect all / most of his body against the possibility of the danger of accidents.
Personal protective equipment necessary before a carefully selected to meet the required conditions, namely:
Personal protective equipment should be able to provide adequate protection against a specific hazard or hazards faced by workers.
It weighs as light as mugkin, and does not cause excessive discomfort.
The tool should be used flexibly.
The shape is interesting.
Resistant protective gear for long service.
The tool does not pose additional hazards for the wearer due to improper form or because of its use.
Must comply with existing standards.
The device does not restrict movement and sensory perception of the wearer.
Spare parts readily available to facilitate the care and maintenance.
Dust is solid particles caused by natural forces or mechanisms such as processing, destruction, softening, packing a fast, blasting and other organic and inorganic materials. Dust is one ingredient that is often referred to as particles floating in the air (Suspended Particulate Matter / SPM) with a size of 1 micron to 500 microns.
In the case of air pollution both inside and building space dust is often used as one indicator of pollution that is used to indicate the level of danger both to the environment or to health and safety. Dust particles will be in the air in a relatively long time in a state of kite flying in the air then enters into the human body through breathing. In addition to harm to health may also interfere with eye gaze penetrating power and can hold a variety of chemical reactions so that the composition of dust particles in the air becomes very complicated because it is a mixture of various materials with a relative size and shape is different.
From the nature of the dust is categorized in:
The nature of the deposition, ie dust which tends always to settle because of gravity of the earth.
Wet surface properties, its nature is always wet coated by a very thin layer of water.
Clotting properties, because the nature is always wet the dust with one another tend to stick to form a clot. Moisture levels above the saturation point and the presence turbelensi dust in the air easier to form clots.
Static electricity dust, the dust has properties of static electricity that can attract other particles in the opposite thus dust particles in solution accelerates clotting.
Opsis properties, particle wet / humid others can emit visible light in a dark room.
Understanding Work Procedures Safety and health defined on occupational safety and health procedures which is a way to do the job from early to late, preceded by a risk assessment to serve targeted jobs that include safety and health of employees. We never saw an accident but the work was completed is still occurring. After the investigation it turns out that workers have followed the procedures provided by the company. Having found the root of the problem, it turns out that socialized work procedures do not consider any aspect of safety so that accidents happen. This is where the importance of making safety and health procedures are based on good risk assessment is risk of injury, occupational illness, damage to equipment and environment.
Occupational diseases are diseases that arise as a result of the work we do rather than the disease under from home or from a place other than work. Here is a list of occupational diseases that can be your reference:
1. Pnemokoniosis caused by scar tissue forming mineral dust (silicosis, antrakosilikosis, asbestosis) and silikosisnya silikotuberkolosis which are the main factors causing disability or death. 2. Pulmonary disease and respiratory tract (bronkhopulmoner) caused by hard metal dust. 3. Pulmonary disease and respiratory tract (bronkhopulmoner) caused by cotton dust, Vlas, henep and sisal (bissinosis). 4. Occupational asthma caused by sensitization causes and stimulating substances are known which are in the process of work. 5. Allergika alveolitis caused by external factors as a result of inhalation of organic dust. 6. Diseases caused by beryllium or its toxic compounds. 7. Diseases caused by cadmium or its toxic compounds. 8. Diseases caused by phosphorus or its toxic compounds. 9. Diseases caused by chromium or its toxic compounds. 10. Diseases caused by manganese or its toxic compounds. 11. Diseases caused by arsenic or toxic compounds her. 12. Diseases caused by mercury or its compounds are toxic. 13. Diseases caused by lead or its compounds are toxic. 14. Diseases caused by fluorine or her toxic compounds. 15. Diseases caused by carbon disulfide. poisonous. 16. Diseases caused by halogen derivatives of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compounds that are toxic. 17. Diseases caused by benzene or homologs which are toxic. 18. Diseases caused by nitro and amine derivatives of benzene or homologs which are toxic. 19. Diseases caused by nitroglycerine or other nitric acid esters. 20. Diseases caused by alcohols, glycols or ketones. 21. Diseases caused by gases or vapors cause asphyxiation or poisoning such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or its toxic derivatives, ammonia zinc, and nickel braso. 22. Hearing disorders caused by noise. 23. Diseases caused by mechanical vibration (disorders of muscles, tendons, bones, joints, peripheral blood vessels or nerves edge. 24. Diseases caused by work in regard to air more. 25. Diseases caused by ionizing radiation mengion. 26. Skin diseases (dermatoses) are caused by physical, chemical or biological agents. 27. Epitheliomatous primary skin cancer caused by tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, anthracene or the compounds, products or residues of these substances. 28. Lung cancer or mesotheliomas caused by asbestos. 29. Infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites obtained in a job that has a special risk of contamination. 30. Diseases caused by high or low temperatures or radiation or high humidity. 31. Disease caused by other chemicals, including ingredients. By knowing peyakit occupational above then we should be aware of our health and the importance we should be able to prevent it. Is not prevention is better than cure?
Spirometry is a tool used to determine lung capacity, to determine the difficulty level of the lung that may be experienced by the workforce, and therefore in a company that has high levels of air pollution must have this tool. With the existence of these tools in the enterprise and labor may find abnormalities that are not experiencing respiratory or breathing abnormalities of its workforce. Because today's industries are growing rapidly, with rapid industrial growth resulted in the increasing use of chemicals, machinery, both in the type and number. Thus the workforce is very easily affected by occupational diseases. One was a lung disease caused by work (pneumoconiosis).
In some jobs, enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems may fail to collect dust, dirt and chips adequately. Vacuum cleaners are suitable for removing light dust and dirt. Industrial models have special fittings for cleaning walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery, and other hard-to-reach places where dust and dirt may accumulate. Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardous substances. For example, vacuum cleaners fitted with HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filters may be used to capture fine particles of asbestos or fibreglass. Dampening (wetting) floors or using sweeping compounds before sweeping reduces the amount of airborne dust. The dust and grime that collect in places like shelves, piping, conduits, light fixtures, reflectors, windows, cupboards and lockers may require manual cleaning. Compressed air should not be used for removing dust, dirt or chips from equipment or work surfaces.
The pressure vessel in a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel is virtually prohibited (by the ASME Boiler Code) for use in wetted parts of modern boilers, but is used often in superheater sections that will not be exposed to liquid boiler water. In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.
For much of the Victorian "age of steam", the only material used for boilermaking was the highest grade of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was often obtained from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), noted for the high quality of their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the use of steel, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker and requires less labour.
Cast iron may be used for the heating vessel of domestic water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is usually to produce hot water, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid actual boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high pressure steam boilers.
It's a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health. There are a lot of good reasons why keeping our water clean is an important priority:
Fisheries
Clean water is critical to plants and animals that live in water. This is important to the fishing industry, sport fishing enthusiasts, and future generations.
Wildlife Habitats
Our rivers and ocean waters teem with life that depends on shoreline, beaches and marshes. They are critical habitats for hundreds of species of fish and other aquatic life. Migratory water birds use the areas for resting and feeding.
Recreation and Quality of Life
Water is a great playground for us all. The scenic and recreational values of our waters are reasons many people choose to live where they do. Visitors are drawn to water activities such as swimming, fishing, boating and picnicking.
Health Concerns
If it is not properly cleaned, water can carry disease. Since we live, work and play so close to water, harmful bacteria have to be removed to make water safe.
The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove as much of the suspended solids as possible before the remaining water, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment. As solid material decays, it uses up oxygen, which is needed by the plants and animals living in the water. "Primary treatment" removes about 60 percent of suspended solids from wastewater. This treatment also involves aerating (stirring up) the wastewater, to put oxygen back in. Secondary treatment removes more than 90 percent of suspended solids.
Understanding steam boiler includes a boiler flue gases and exhaust pipes of motor fuel and heating kettle with the water exit temperature exceeds 110 C, which serves to convert water into steam is also used for heating up. Boiler is a plane that made converts water into steam in it partly by heating is obtained by burning fuel, so each must have a steam boiler or equipped with a kiln (kiln fuel depending on the type of fuel used). The definition of aircraft vapor in Steam Act 1930 is a steam boiler and every other plane defined by government regulation directly or indirectly connected with a boiler and intended to work with higher pressure than normal air pressure. Meanwhile, according to Suma'mur, boilers are a system of high pressure at which water is converted into a periodic partial water vapor by the heat from high temperature sources. The use of steam power to meet the various needs of human life. Similarly, in the industrial utilization of aircraft and boiler steam to drive machinery and various other industrial purposes, is of great perceived importance. However, in addition to the benefits, boilers also cause enormous harm. Hazard factors boilers include: 1. Excess pressure, occurs because the boiler is operated beyond the maximum pressure. 2. Overheating caused by operation of which produce more steam than the addition of water. As a controller or controllers then use tap-tap water boiler, while the indicator is the safety glasses and a whistle danger. 3. The explosion in the combustion chamber, caused by fuel containing flammable gases. For those reasons, the fuel must be cleaned of flammable gases such. 4. Heat stress, caused by the burning of the environment can change the temperature and humidity of a comfortable condition. Each steam boilers sometimes have different parts depending on the type of boiler itself, boiler should have the following equipment: 1. Two safety valves. 2. At least one manometer. 3. At least two gauges of water faucets or faucet experiment and one with tap water gauge canal that can be penetrated by steam. 4. At least two aircraft water filler apart from each other. 5. A tool that works itself so short of water in the boiler regardless of the driver or stoker can be known. 6. A sign for the water situation at the lowest allowed. 7. Then those holes and mud holes for the necessary. 8. One tap waster. 9. In place of the plate that contains: a. Vapor pressure at the highest allowed kg / cm. b. Year and place of manufacture and name of the maker
Health services at the Hospital is one type of health care services industry is the nature of its activities operate in 24 hours. In the process of exploiting the great potential of resources. Judging from the rules on the industry (it is: Input-Process-Output) waste (solid and liquid) is the remainder of the process whose existence needs to be managed in accordance with the requisite standardization. Types of sources of waste in hospitals there are 2 kinds of solid waste and liquid waste. The sources of liquid waste from medical care, medical support and waste office and social facilities, including the waste bathroom, sink, closet, laundry room medical instruments, effluent dialysate, exsudat sufferers, wash cooking utensils and food, immersion and rinse washing linen, washing preparations, the remaining reagents, residual liquid specimens, etc.. The sources of solid waste generated from domestic waste and medical waste or clinical. Included in the domestic hospital waste is paper, carbon, plastic, paper wrappers, food scraps, plastic wrapping, sorting, vegetables and fruits, cans, bottles, leaves, twigs, wood chips, waste building materials, tires, PVC, etc. . While that is included in the medical or clinical wastes are disposable syringe, infusion sets, transfusion sets, dialysis sets, gastric tube, catheter, urine bag, CVT sets, surgical dressings, gloves, body organs, preparation, Petri dis, the remaining solid specimens, drug packaging, sorting linen, etc.. The tendency of the use of medical equipment consumables (disposable plastic) along with the development of industrial technology medical equipment, which can be infectious waste needs to receive attention in the management. Any waste generated is the duty of managers to manage the waste generated in order not to pollute the environment. Waste produced must meet the criteria of the quality standard set of waste in accordance with the rules and regulations. To implement these goals recently introduced the use of clean technology that uses the basic principles: 1. Conserve raw materials and energy. 2. Minimization of waste. 3. Prevention of waste. 4. Recycling (reusing waste materials with waste). 5. Reuse (reuse the waste-processing waste in a way more technical). 6. Recovery (collection of waste materials that still have economic value in order to process the technology). 7. Waste Treatment Plant
Nature has an amazing ability to cope with small amounts of water wastes and pollution, but it would be overwhelmed if we didn't treat the billions of gallons of wastewater and sewage produced every day before releasing it back to the environment. Treatment plants reduce pollutants in wastewater to a level nature can handle.
What is Wastewater? Wastewater is used water. It includes substances such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps and chemicals. In homes, this includes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, toilets, washing machines and dishwashers. Businesses and industries also contribute their share of used water that must be cleaned.
Wastewater also includes storm runoff. Although some people assume that the rain that runs down the street during a storm is fairly clean, it isn't. Harmful substances that wash off roads, parking lots, and rooftops can harm our rivers and lakes.
